MAAZ AHMAD; MUBEEN YASEEN; SYED ALE HASSAN RIZVI; FAIZA SHAFQAT; DARAIN FATIMA. A MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF GRADIENT DESCENT AND ITS VARIANTS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. Spectrum of Engineering Sciences, [S. l.], v. 4, n. 3, p. 8022–8037, 2026. Disponível em: https://www.thesesjournal.com/index.php/1/article/view/4035. Acesso em: 13 nov. 2026.