Ayesha Khattak, Syed Asim Jalal, Laiba Awan, Muhammad Haseeb, Muhammad Sadeequllah, & Saif Ur Rehman. (2026). Scene-Level Recognition of Classroom Operational States Using VGG16 Transfer Learning. Spectrum of Engineering Sciences, 4(1), 1564–1576. Retrieved from https://www.thesesjournal.com/index.php/1/article/view/3917