COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENERGY EFFICIENT HIERARCHICAL ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) relies on the efficiency of routing methods or techniques to maintain fast and reliable data transmission where as preserving limited node batteries. Hierarchical routing techniques are universally used due to their ability to break sensors network into cultures. I this mechanism sensor can communicate with clusters head.ad, after that the cluster head send data in consolidated  or aggregated form to the base station. This is a layered communication model which significantly reduces the energy consumption and supports large scale scalability. There are different challenges which are related to energy optimization and extended the network lifetime continue to overcome issues in WSN design. This paper presents a detailed comparative analysis of major energy-efficient hierarchical routing protocols, including LEACH, TEEN, PEGASIS, HEED, APTEEN, LEACH-VF, LEACH-C, LEACH-SC, LEACH-M, LACH-EP, SEP, MIEEPB, DEEC, ESEECH, EARP, EHCR-FCM and EESNR. Each protocol is examined with respect to key performance indicators such as energy utilization, network stability, and lifetime improvement. The analysis reveals that while individual protocols offer specific benefits, no single approach fully addresses all performance requirements. Therefore, adaptive and hybrid routing strategies emerge as more effective solutions for enhancing overall network performance and network efficiency. This study provides a foundation for future research to develop intelligent and energy-efficient routing mechanisms for advanced Wireless Sensor Networks.