DEVELOPMENT OF PEROVSKITE-BASED PHOTOVOLTAIC MATERIALS FOR HIGH-EFFICIENCY AND LOW-COST SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS IN PAKISTAN

Abstract

The increasing energy demand in Pakistan and the high cost of conventional energy sources have accelerated the need for efficient and low-cost renewable energy technologies. This study focused on the development of perovskite-based photovoltaic materials for high-efficiency and economically viable solar energy applications in Pakistan. Various perovskite compositions, including mixed-cation formulations, were synthesized and integrated into n-i-p and p-i-n device architectures. The photovoltaic performance, environmental stability, and economic feasibility of the fabricated solar cells were systematically evaluated. Results showed that mixed-cation perovskites exhibited superior crystallinity, larger grain size, higher photoluminescence intensity, and tunable bandgaps, resulting in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21%. Stability tests under high temperature and humidity confirmed durability suitable for Pakistan’s climatic conditions. Economic analysis revealed significantly lower production costs and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) compared to conventional silicon-based solar modules, indicating strong potential for large-scale deployment. These findings suggest that perovskite solar cells are a promising solution for high-efficiency, low-cost, and sustainable solar energy generation in Pakistan.