NON-NEWTONIAN MHD TRANSPORT OF TERNARY HYBRID NANOFLUID IN POROUS STRUCTURES: HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OVER A SUCTION-INFLUENCED INCLINED STRETCHING SHEET

Abstract

Nanoparticle flow dynamics have important applications in solar energy systems, thermal engineering, and energy conversion technologies. Motivated by these applications, this study investigates the thermal exchange characteristics of spherical ????????₂????₃–Cu–TiO₂ nanoparticles dispersed in kerosene oil, modeled as a ternary hybrid non-Newtonian Maxwell fluid. The flow is modeled over an inclined extensible sheet with wall suction in a porous environment and subjected to magnetohydrodynamic effects. The governing PDEs are transformed into ODEs using similarity transformations and solved numerically via the bvp4c solver. The results reveal that fluid velocity increases with inclination angle, Maxwell parameter, and suction, but decreases with magnetic and porous parameters. Conversely, temperature rises with magnetic and porous effects, while suction reduces thermal intensity. These findings highlight the potential of ternary hybrid nanofluids for enhanced thermal management in engineering systems.